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Prehistoric architecture
| Neolithic architecture is the architecture of the Neolithic period. In Southwest Asia, Neolithic cultures appear soon after 10000 BC, initially in the Levant (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) and from there spread eastwards and westwards. There are early Neolithic cultures in Southeast Anatolia, Syria and Iraq by 8000 BC, and food-producing societies first appear in southeast Europe by 7000 BC, and Central Europe by c. 5500 BC (of which the earliest cultural complexes include the Starčevo-Koros (Cris), Linearbandkeramic, and Vinča). With very small exceptions (a few copper hatchets and spear heads in the Great Lakes region), the peoples of the Americas and the Pacific remained at the Neolithic level of technology up until the time of European contact. | |
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The Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern
Mesopotamia and Central Asia were great builders, utilizing
mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatalhöyük, houses
were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and
animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were
constructed. Elaborate tombs for the dead were also built. These
tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many
thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles
built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed
camps, henges flint mines and cursus monuments. Most of the megaliths found in Western Europe and the Mediterranean were also erected in the Neolithic period. Perhaps the most famous megalithic structure is Stonehenge in England, although many others are known throughout the world. These monuments include both megalithic tombs, temples and structures of unknown (possibly religious or astronomical) purpose. The oldest known megalithic temple is Ggantija on Gozo Island. Neolithic pile dwellings have been excavated in Sweden (Alvastra pile dwelling) and in the circum-Alpine area, with remains being found at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria. Early archaeologists like Ferdinand Keller thought they formed artificial islands, much like the Scottish Crannogs, but today it is clear that the majority of settlements was located on the shores of lakes and were only inundated later on. Reconstructed pile dwellings are shown in open air museums in Unteruhldingen and Zürich (Pfahlbauland). Neolithic settlementsJericho in the Levant, Neolithic from around 8350 BC, arising from the earlier Epipaleolithic Natufian culture.Çatalhöyük in Turkey, 7500 BC Mehrgarh in South Asia, 7000 BC Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, ca. 9000 BC. Nevali Cori in Turkey, ca. 8000 BC. Knap of Howar and Skara Brae, the Orkney Islands, Scotland, from 3500 BC. around 2000 settlements of Trypillian culture, 5400 BC -- 2800 BC The world's oldest known engineered roadway, the Sweet Track in England, also dates from this time. Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans are preferred terms for the cultural group of people often known as Anasazi, the ancestors of the modern Pueblo peoples. The ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States. Archaeologists still debate when a distinct culture emerged, but the current consensus, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence around 1200 B.C., the Basketmaker II Era. The civilization is perhaps best-known for the jackal, adobe and sandstone dwellings that they built along cliff walls, particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras. The best-preserved examples of those dwellings are in parks such as Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Mesa Verde National Park, Hovenweep National Monument, Bandelier National Monument, and Canyon de Chelly National Monument. These villages, called pueblos by Mexican settlers, were often only accessible by rope or through rock climbing. The Ancestral Puebloans are also known for their unique style of pottery, today considered valuable for their rarity. They also created many petroglyphs and pictographs. Anasazi as a cultural labelThe term "Anasazi" was established in archaeological terminology through the Pecos Classification system in 1927. Archaeologist Linda Cordell discussed the word's etymology and use:"The name "Anasazi" has come to mean "ancient people," although the word itself is Navajo, meaning "enemy ancestors." The Navajo word is anaasází (<anaa- "enemy", sází "ancestor"). It is unfortunate that a non-Pueblo word has come to stand for a tradition that is certainly ancestral Pueblo. The term was first applied to ruins of the Mesa Verde by Richard Wetherill, a rancher and trader who, in 1888-1889, was the first Anglo-American to explore the sites in that area. Wetherill knew and worked with Navajos and understood what the word meant. The name was further sanctioned in archaeology when it was adopted by Alfred V. Kidder, the acknowledged dean of Southwestern Archaeology. Kidder felt that is was less cumbersome than a more technical term he might have used. Subsequently some archaeologists who would try to change the term have worried that because the Pueblos speak different languages, there are different words for "ancestor," and using one might be offensive to people speaking other languages. Some modern Pueblo peoples object to the use of the term Anasazi, although there is still controversy among them on a native alternative. The modern Hopi use the word "Hisatsinom" in preference to Anasazi. However, Navajo Nation Historic Preservation Department (NNHPD) spokeman Ronald Maldonado has indicated the Navajo do not favor use of the term "Ancestral Puebloan." In fact, reports submitted for review by NNHPD are rejected if they include use of the term. |
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